McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J, et al. Red Book 2009: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 17 (3):465.Īmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Update on prevention and treatment of intestinal helminth infections. Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered hookworm vaccine candidates Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 in Gabonese adults: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, phase 1 dose-escalation trial. 31 Suppl 2:B227-32.Īdegnika AA, de Vries SG, Zinsou FJ, et al. Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Bacon KM, Beaumier C, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, et al. Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Twenty-first century progress toward the global control of human hookworm infection. Hookworms Evade Host Immunity by Secreting a Deoxyribonuclease to Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. 1515-48.īouchery T, Moyat M, Sotillo J, Silverstein S, Volpe B, Coakley G, et al. Soil-transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths). Hookworm: 'the great infection of mankind'. Hotez PJ, Bethony J, Bottazzi ME, Brooker S, Buss P. Human hookworm infection in the 21st century.

MaAccessed: July 14, 2021.Īnna Rovid Spickler. Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, et al. DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria. Probing the equatorial groove of the hookworm protein and vaccine candidate antigen, Na-ASP-2. Mason L, Tribolet L, Simon A, von Gnielinski N, Nienaber L, Taylor P, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unfortunately, this vaccine produced urticarial reactions among previously infected recipients, and its development was halted.

The 3-dimensional structure of Na-ASP-2 has recently been reported and identified as a conserved tandem histidine motif necessary for catalytic or proteolytic activity. Another antigen, Ancylostoma -secreted protein 2 (ASP-2), appears necessary for chemokine receptor binding and invasion and has shown some promise in animal vaccine trials. Phase I clinical trials conducted in Gabon for this vaccine showed no difference in adverse effects between the vaccine and placebo groups as well as production of IgG antibodies, indicating a safe and potentially effective vaccine, as of September 2020. The Sabin Vaccine Institute has developed a 2 antigen human hookworm vaccine comprising recombinant Necator antigens Na- GST-1 and Na- APR-1, each of which is required for hookworm use of host blood. In the search for possible vaccine targets, investigators have focused on hookworm molecular inhibitors of coagulation factors Xa and VIIa-TF and metalloproteases that degrade hemoglobin and intestinal mucosal cells.

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